{"id":13897,"date":"2022-11-17T09:49:53","date_gmt":"2022-11-17T17:49:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/?p=13897"},"modified":"2025-06-13T20:19:19","modified_gmt":"2025-06-14T03:19:19","slug":"physical-storage-layer-options-for-couchbase-as-a-persistent-system-of-records","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/physical-storage-layer-options-for-couchbase-as-a-persistent-system-of-records\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical Storage Layer Options for Couchbase as a Persistent System of records"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/couchbase-persistent-storage-considerations\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">previous blog<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, I talked about various storage strategies that need to be considered when choosing the correct storage to meet your business requirements. This becomes more salient as datasets continue to grow and consistent performance is mandated by the business.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now, with the introduction of Couchbase\u2019s new Storage engine, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.couchbase.com\/server\/current\/learn\/buckets-memory-and-storage\/storage-engines.html#storage-engine-magma\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magma<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, you have even more options to help you meet the business goals. Addressing storage priorities is even more possible as Magma deals with large datasets that don\u2019t fit in memory and primarily rely on disk subsystems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When assessing how to use Couchbase as a persistent system of records, the focus needs to move away from the virtual storage layer (also known as software-defined storage) and toward looking at the underlying physical storage layer instead. Each type of storage option has different implications to consider when choosing the underpinning Storage subsystem layer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First, let&#8217;s look at the options, then investigate further:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage area network (SAN) using SCSI with arrays &amp; traditional HDDs (spinning disk)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e.g. EMC, HP, IBM\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SAN using NVMe with arrays &amp; flash\/SSDs<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e.g. Pure Storage, Violin, EMC\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directly attached storage devices (DASD) using NVMe with arrays &amp; flash\/SSDs<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Network Storage using NFS\/TCP<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NetApp<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-13898\" src=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image1-1.png\" alt=\"Physical storage considerations for databases\" width=\"936\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/11\/image1-1.png 936w, https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/11\/image1-1-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/11\/image1-1-768x414.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Considerations when selecting the storage subsystem<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is not an exhaustive list, there are other items that need to be considered, but this gives you a good idea of the areas to start considering:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Performance<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IOPS<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Latency<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Resilience<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RAID \u2013 at the physical layer<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mirroring \u2013 at the physical layer<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Management<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who will manage the storage hardware?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who will configure\/implement the storage?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Status Quo<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is the required storage and infrastructure already deployed?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is there requirements for a new storage solution?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Is there experience to support a new solution if decided upon?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Agility<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Future Proof \u2013 Ability to move to new technology when required to meet changing demands.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Database Profile<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read Intensive<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Write Intensive<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These can influence the hardware requirements with some storage better at dealing with write intensive workloads and inversely read intensive workloads.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cost<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When looking at the cost it needs to be more holistic than just looking at the underlying physical storage and storage networking layers, it needs to take into consideration: m<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anagement, implementation, existing infrastructure, cooling. Each, when built into the TCO, will cost more than the underlying hardware costs, so it&#8217;s imperative that these are considered.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Comparison of physical storage options<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following table compares the various approaches:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Considerations<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>San SCSI HDD<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>San NVMe<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>DAS SSD NVMe<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>NFS<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Performance<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very High<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultra High<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Resilience<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RAID<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Arrays Multiple Paths<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RAID<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Arrays Multiple Paths<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RAID<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single Array<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RAID<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Arrays Multiple Paths<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Management<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complex<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Teams<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage &amp; Network<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complex<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Teams<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage &amp; Network<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complex<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Teams<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage &amp; Network<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complex<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Teams<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage &amp; Network<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Agility<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array Mobility<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Server access<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ease of adding more storage<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array Mobility<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Server access<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ease of adding more storage<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infrastructure &amp; Network Change<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Configuration changes to add more storage<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array Mobility<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple Server access<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potential storage islands<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Cost<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$$$<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$$$$<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$$$$<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$$<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Infrastructure Requirements<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">San<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">San<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiber\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TCP\/IP\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Array \/ Filer<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Shared Workload Impact<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible Noisy Neighbor Syndrome<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible Noisy Neighbor Syndrome<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guarantee QOS\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No noisy neighbor<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Possible Noisy Neighbor Syndrome<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As previously discussed, choosing the correct storage solution can have a big impact on your applications! Proper planning and engagement with other stakeholders is key to the success when selecting and implementing the storage subsystem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further thoughts that should be considered, when choosing a storage solution:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand your workloads, whether primarily reads or writes, the amount of\u00a0 I\/O operations that your database is required to deliver.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Choose a solution that meets the performance and latency requirements as above.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meeting the business requirements now with foresight for the future forecasted workloads. Remain agile to adopt new technologies as they are released. Balance the business budgetary requirements with appropriate storage solutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, with workloads growing, RAM is struggling to scale to contain the entire working dataset. As discussed earlier, Magma &#8211; the new Couchbase Storage engine, is designed to accommodate this with partial datasets residing on disk. Now would be a good time for you to investigate how you can take advantage of Magma features.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a nutshell, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the performance of disk access will only be as good as the underlying disk subsystems and using NVMe SSDs will give best parity to entire data sets contained in memory.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further reading<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/magma-next-gen-document-storage-engine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magma: The Next-Generation Document Storage Engine<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/couchbase-persistent-storage-considerations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Couchbase as a Persistent System of Records \u2013 Storage Considerations<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.couchbase.com\/server\/current\/learn\/buckets-memory-and-storage\/storage-engines.html#storage-engine-magma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage Engines &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Magma<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> docs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a previous blog, I talked about various storage strategies that need to be considered when choosing the correct storage to meet your business requirements. This becomes more salient as datasets continue to grow and consistent performance is mandated by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82913,"featured_media":12658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1815,1821,1816,9417],"tags":[9751,9752,9602],"ppma_author":[9685],"class_list":["post-13897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-best-practices-and-tutorials","category-couchbase-architecture","category-couchbase-server","category-performance","tag-physical-storage","tag-resilience","tag-storage"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.8 (Yoast SEO v25.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Physical Storage Layer Options for Couchbase as a Persistent System of records - The Couchbase Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/physical-storage-layer-options-for-couchbase-as-a-persistent-system-of-records\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Physical Storage Layer Options for Couchbase as a Persistent System of records\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In a previous blog, I talked about various storage strategies that need to be considered when choosing the correct storage to meet your business requirements. 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