{"id":1678,"date":"2014-12-16T19:38:48","date_gmt":"2014-12-16T19:38:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/?p=1678"},"modified":"2017-05-03T10:04:44","modified_gmt":"2017-05-03T17:04:44","slug":"maintaining-set-memcached","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/pt\/maintaining-set-memcached\/","title":{"rendered":"Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de um conjunto no Memcached"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

[Esta postagem tamb\u00e9m aparece em <\/em><\/span>Blog do Dustin no github<\/span><\/a><\/em>].<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Isso \u00e9 algo que surge de vez em quando \"simple\"
\nenquanto isso. Normalmente, descrevo um meio de fazer isso que acho que faz sentido, mas acho que nunca o descrevi bastante<\/em> bem o suficiente. As pessoas tendem a achar que \u00e9 complicado, lento ou coisas do g\u00eanero. Vou tentar resolver esse problema aqui.<\/p>\n

Restri\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h3>\n

Para que seja \u00fatil para aplicativos suficientes, trabalharemos com as seguintes premissas:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • deve minimizar as viagens de ida e volta para os servidores<\/li>\n
  • O(1) add (tanto para o tamanho atual quanto para os novos itens que est\u00e3o chegando)<\/li>\n
  • O(1) remove (tanto para o tamanho atual quanto para os itens que est\u00e3o sendo removidos)<\/li>\n
  • O(1) busca<\/li>\n
  • lock and wait free<\/li>\n
  • F\u00e1cil de usar<\/li>\n
  • f\u00e1cil de entender<\/li>\n
  • sem necessidade de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o expl\u00edcita<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    E, \u00e9 claro, tem que ser em escala web!<\/p>\n

    Ingredientes<\/h3>\n

    O conceito \u00e9 simples e faz uso de tr\u00eas opera\u00e7\u00f5es do memcached com garantias de atomicidade.<\/p>\n

    Um \u00edndice \u00e9 criado com adicionar<\/code>. Isso deve ser bastante \u00f3bvio.<\/p>\n

    Sempre que precisarmos adicionar ou remover itens, usaremos anexar<\/code>. Para que isso funcione, precisamos codificar os itens de forma que eles representem itens positivos ou negativos. Criei um exemplo simples de codifica\u00e7\u00e3o de +chave<\/code> para representar a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de chave<\/code> para o conjunto e -chave<\/code> para representar a remo\u00e7\u00e3o de chave<\/code> do conjunto. Em seguida, uso espa\u00e7os para separar v\u00e1rios itens.<\/p>\n

    Exemplo: +a +b +c -b<\/code> representa {a, c}<\/code>. A sequ\u00eancia \u00e9, obviamente, importante.<\/p>\n

    Um conjunto com membros que entram e saem com frequ\u00eancia suficiente pode precisar ser compactado. Para isso, recodificamos o conjunto e usamos cas<\/code> para garantir que possamos adicion\u00e1-lo de volta sem pisar em outro cliente.<\/p>\n

    Me acompanhe at\u00e9 o fim<\/h3>\n

    Estou usando python para este exemplo. O ideal \u00e9 que isso seja implementado em seu cliente e tudo esteja pronto para funcionar.<\/p>\n

    Primeiro, precisamos de codificadores e decodificadores. Essa \u00e9, na verdade, a parte mais dif\u00edcil e \u00e9 realmente trivial quando se trata disso.<\/p>\n

    O codificador<\/h3>\n

    Come\u00e7amos com a representa\u00e7\u00e3o mais b\u00e1sica dos dados em nossos conjuntos.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    def<\/span> encodeSet(<\/span>chaves,<\/span> op=<\/span>‘+’<\/span>)<\/span>:
    \n\"\"\"Codifique um conjunto de chaves para modificar o conjunto.<\/span><\/p>\n

    >>> encodeSet(['a', 'b', 'c'])
    \n'+a +b +c '
    \n“””
    \nretorno<\/span> ”<\/span>.unir-se<\/span>(<\/span>op + k + ‘ ‘<\/span> para<\/span> k em<\/span> chaves)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Isso \u00e9 mais documenta\u00e7\u00e3o do que c\u00f3digo, mas \u00e9 bastante claro. Se, em vez disso, voc\u00ea quiser um conjunto de JPEGs, poder\u00e1 criar uma codifica\u00e7\u00e3o bin\u00e1ria simples com um comprimento e um corpo em vez de separ\u00e1-los por espa\u00e7os em branco.<\/p>\n

    Modifica\u00e7\u00e3o de um conjunto<\/h3>\n

    A modifica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 somente de acr\u00e9scimo, sendo que a \u00fanica diferen\u00e7a entre adicionar e remover \u00e9 uma opera\u00e7\u00e3o de codifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Isso \u00e9 \u00fatil porque podemos escrever o mesmo c\u00f3digo para ambos os casos.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    def<\/span> modificar(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName,<\/span> op,<\/span> chaves)<\/span>:
    \ncodificado =<\/span> encodeSet(<\/span>chaves,<\/span> op)<\/span>
    \ntentar<\/span>:
    \nmc.anexar<\/span>(<\/span>indexName,<\/span> codificado)<\/span>
    \nexceto<\/span> KeyError<\/span>:
    \n# Se n\u00e3o pudermos acrescentar, e estivermos adicionando ao conjunto,<\/span>
    \n# estamos tentando criar o \u00edndice, portanto, fa\u00e7a isso.<\/span>
    \nse<\/span> op ==<\/span> ‘+’<\/span>:
    \nmc.adicionar<\/span>(<\/span>indexName,<\/span> codificado)<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> adicionar(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName,<\/span> *chaves)<\/span>:
    \n\"\"\"Adicione as chaves fornecidas ao conjunto fornecido.\"\"\"<\/span>
    \nmodificar(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName,<\/span> ‘+’<\/span>,<\/span> chaves)<\/span><\/p>\n

    def<\/span> remover(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName,<\/span> *chaves)<\/span>:
    \n\"\"\"Remove as chaves fornecidas do conjunto fornecido.\"\"\"<\/span>
    \nmodificar(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName,<\/span> ‘-‘<\/span>,<\/span> chaves)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Eu permito um efeito colateral de adicionar<\/code> para criar o \u00edndice, caso ele n\u00e3o exista.<\/p>\n

    Em um aplicativo real, h\u00e1 uma chance diferente de zero de que o anexar<\/code> falharia porque o item est\u00e1 faltando e o item imediatamente subsequente adicionar<\/code> falharia devido a uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de corrida. N\u00e3o escrevi o c\u00f3digo para cobrir isso aqui, mas \u00e9 bem simples. Se isso for importante para voc\u00ea, basta repetir todo o m\u00e9todo modify at\u00e9 que ambos falhem. Voc\u00ea teria que estar tentando fazer com que ele falhasse mais de uma vez.<\/p>\n

    O decodificador<\/h3>\n

    Para usar os dados, precisaremos decodific\u00e1-los, portanto, vamos criar um decodificador r\u00e1pido que possa reverter o que o codificador acima faz (incluindo os acr\u00e9scimos para adicionar e remover).<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    def<\/span> decodeSet(<\/span>dados)<\/span>:
    \n\"\"\"Decodifique um item do cache em um conjunto impl.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Retorna um indicador de sujeira (dica de compacta\u00e7\u00e3o) e o conjunto<\/p>\n

    >>> decodeSet('+a +b +c -b -x')
    \n(2, set(['a', 'c']))
    \n“””<\/p>\n

    chaves =<\/span> definir<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>
    \nsujeira =<\/span> 0<\/span>
    \npara<\/span> k em<\/span> dados.dividir<\/span>(<\/span>)<\/span>:
    \nop,<\/span> chave =<\/span> k[<\/span>0<\/span>]<\/span>,<\/span> k[<\/span>1<\/span>:]<\/span>
    \nse<\/span> op ==<\/span> ‘+’<\/span>:
    \nchaves.adicionar<\/span>(<\/span>chave)<\/span>
    \nelif<\/span> op ==<\/span> ‘-‘<\/span>:
    \nchaves.descartar<\/span>(<\/span>chave)<\/span>
    \nsujeira +=<\/span> 1<\/span><\/p>\n

    retorno<\/span> sujeira,<\/span> chaves<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Essa \u00e9 a parte mais complicada.<\/p>\n

    Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o dos itens<\/h3>\n

    Agora que podemos codificar, definir e modificar nossos dados, a recupera\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser bastante trivial. Uma passagem b\u00e1sica seria assim:<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    def<\/span> itens(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName)<\/span>:
    \n\"\"\"Recupere os valores atuais do conjunto.\"\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

    bandeiras,<\/span> cas,<\/span> dados =<\/span> mc.obter<\/span>(<\/span>indexName)<\/span>
    \nsujeira,<\/span> chaves =<\/span> decodeSet(<\/span>dados)<\/span>
    \nretorno<\/span> chaves<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \u00c9 basicamente isso. No entanto, este \u00e9 um bom momento para fazer a compacta\u00e7\u00e3o. sujeira<\/code> acima mede a quantidade de fichas de remo\u00e7\u00e3o existentes no conjunto. Se houver muitos, queremos elimin\u00e1-los.<\/p>\n

    Imagine um LIMITE DE SUJEIRA<\/code> conjunto de n\u00fameros que decide onde queremos fazer a autocompacta\u00e7\u00e3o. Se tivermos mais sujeira do que isso, compactaremos na recupera\u00e7\u00e3o (transformando um \u00fanico get em um \u00fanico get e um \u00fanico CAS<\/code>.<\/p>\n

    Para esse caso de uso, n\u00e3o nos importamos se o CAS<\/code> \u00e9 bem-sucedido na maioria das vezes, portanto, simplesmente disparamos e esquecemos. \u00c9 seguro (ou seja, n\u00e3o destr\u00f3i nenhum dado), mas n\u00e3o \u00e9 garantido que funcione.<\/p>\n

    Ent\u00e3o, aqui est\u00e1 uma modifica\u00e7\u00e3o itens<\/code> fun\u00e7\u00e3o de compacta\u00e7\u00e3o condicional:<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    def<\/span> itens(<\/span>mc,<\/span> indexName,<\/span> forceCompaction=<\/span>Falso<\/span>)<\/span>:
    \n\"\"\"Recupere os valores atuais do conjunto.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Isso pode acionar uma compacta\u00e7\u00e3o se voc\u00ea solicitar ou se a codifica\u00e7\u00e3o for
    \nmuito sujo.\"\"\"<\/p>\n

    bandeiras,<\/span> casid,<\/span> dados =<\/span> mc.obter<\/span>(<\/span>indexName)<\/span>
    \nsujeira,<\/span> chaves =<\/span> decodeSet(<\/span>dados)<\/span><\/p>\n

    se<\/span> forceCompaction ou<\/span> sujeira ><\/span> DIRTINESS_THRESHOLD:
    \ncompactado =<\/span> encodeSet(<\/span>chaves)<\/span>
    \nmc.cas<\/span>(<\/span>indexName,<\/span> casid,<\/span> compactado)<\/span>
    \nretorno<\/span> chaves<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    E terminamos.<\/p>\n

    Em resumo<\/h3>\n

    Na pior das hip\u00f3teses, adicionar ao conjunto<\/strong>: 2 viagens de ida e volta (quando o conjunto n\u00e3o existe e precisa ser criado, mas n\u00e3o precisamos saber disso).<\/p>\n

    Adicionar normal ao conjunto<\/strong>: 1 ida e volta, independentemente do n\u00famero de membros que est\u00e3o sendo adicionados. (Voc\u00ea nem precisa recuperar o valor atual para adicionar ou remover corretamente itens em massa, muito menos transferir tudo de volta).<\/p>\n

    Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o na pior das hip\u00f3teses<\/strong>: 2 viagens de ida e volta (quando a compacta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um efeito colateral).<\/p>\n

    Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o normal<\/strong>: 1 viagem de ida e volta (basta buscar a \u00fanica chave).<\/p>\n

    Advert\u00eancias<\/h3>\n

    Embora o n\u00famero de conjuntos seja praticamente ilimitado, h\u00e1 um tamanho pr\u00e1tico de um \u00fanico conjunto com essa implementa\u00e7\u00e3o. Seria trivial \"fragmentar\" o conjunto em v\u00e1rias chaves (portanto, em v\u00e1rios servidores) se fosse necess\u00e1rio ter conjuntos muito grandes (mais de, digamos, 4.000 itens de 250 bytes).<\/p>\n

    Como a compacta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 feita na leitura nessa implementa\u00e7\u00e3o, um caso em que voc\u00ea esteja modificando muito, mas lendo raramente, pode n\u00e3o ser perfeito para esse c\u00f3digo. Nesse caso, eu come\u00e7aria a compactar em grava\u00e7\u00f5es aleat\u00f3rias (fazendo com que, na pior das hip\u00f3teses, a adi\u00e7\u00e3o\/remo\u00e7\u00e3o leve cerca de tr\u00eas saltos, onde, de outra forma, seria um).<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    [This post also appears on Dustin’s github blog]. This is something that comes up every once in a while. I usually describe a means of doing it that I think makes sense, but I don\u2019t think I\u2019ve ever described it […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":13873,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[8992],"class_list":["post-1678","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMaintaining a Set in Memcached - The Couchbase Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/pt\/maintaining-set-memcached\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maintaining a Set in Memcached\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[This post also appears on Dustin’s github blog]. This is something that comes up every once in a while. 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