{"id":13919,"date":"2022-11-28T14:05:44","date_gmt":"2022-11-28T22:05:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/?p=13919"},"modified":"2025-06-13T21:28:51","modified_gmt":"2025-06-14T04:28:51","slug":"backend-languages","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.couchbase.com\/blog\/es\/backend-languages\/","title":{"rendered":"Los 8 mejores lenguajes para el desarrollo backend"},"content":{"rendered":"

La programaci\u00f3n inform\u00e1tica se est\u00e1 convirtiendo en una habilidad cada vez m\u00e1s necesaria y popular. Muchos graduados de instituto y universidad est\u00e1n expuestos a la programaci\u00f3n aunque no se dediquen a la inform\u00e1tica. Este aumento de la exposici\u00f3n ha dado lugar a nuevos arquetipos y categor\u00edas de programadores, como la emergente \"programaci\u00f3n divertida\", los programadores ciudadanos y los programadores aficionados, junto con los programadores acad\u00e9micos tradicionales y los educados en campamentos de entrenamiento.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Este blog le ayudar\u00e1 a conocer los principales lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n backend utilizados habitualmente por los desarrolladores, junto con informaci\u00f3n de alto nivel sobre las caracter\u00edsticas, ventajas y limitaciones de cada lenguaje.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el desarrollo backend?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Clasificar y agrupar los lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n es un tema de acalorado debate en los c\u00edrculos acad\u00e9micos y sociales de la codificaci\u00f3n. Pero, en general, los lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n backend se dividen en tres categor\u00edas principales:<\/span><\/p>\n

Scripting<\/span><\/h3>\n

Los lenguajes de scripting suelen ser m\u00e1s f\u00e1ciles de aprender y, en ocasiones, pueden ser utilizados por personas que no son programadores \"profesionales\" o en proyectos en los que s\u00f3lo es importante escribir c\u00f3digo para ejecutar comandos que cumplan r\u00e1pidamente los requisitos. Sin embargo, hay lenguajes de scripting que ofrecen mucho poder en manos de desarrolladores expertos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Los lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n son un buen punto de partida para las personas que quieren dedicarse profesionalmente a la programaci\u00f3n o para los programadores ocasionales que desean automatizar tareas espec\u00edficas. La necesidad m\u00e1s b\u00e1sica de los lenguajes de secuencias de comandos es la simplicidad, ya que los utilizar\u00e1n personas con un m\u00ednimo de conocimientos de programaci\u00f3n o en situaciones en las que lo \u00fanico que importa es crear un c\u00f3digo que haga el trabajo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Orientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/h3>\n

La programaci\u00f3n orientada a objetos (POO) se basa en objetos, que pueden ser m\u00f3dulos de c\u00f3digo o datos. Este modelo de programaci\u00f3n dise\u00f1a el software en torno a objetos, no a funciones y l\u00f3gica. Se definen clases de objetos con m\u00e9todos y funciones asociados. Mediante conceptos como la herencia y la encapsulaci\u00f3n, se maximiza la reutilizaci\u00f3n del c\u00f3digo para reducir su duplicaci\u00f3n. Los desarrolladores de backend codifican los programas de lenguaje creando objetos que interact\u00faan entre s\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

La programaci\u00f3n orientada a objetos es muy eficaz, sobre todo cuando se utiliza con equipos de desarrolladores, porque cada desarrollador o grupo de desarrolladores puede trabajar con objetos encapsulados espec\u00edficos utilizando las entradas y salidas de los objetos sin tener que conocer los detalles del c\u00f3digo. La mayor\u00eda de los lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s populares soportan la programaci\u00f3n orientada a objetos en distintos niveles. La programaci\u00f3n orientada a objetos es actualmente el paradigma de programaci\u00f3n de lenguajes de backend m\u00e1s popular.<\/span><\/p>\n

Funcional<\/span><\/h3>\n

La programaci\u00f3n funcional es un paradigma de programaci\u00f3n en el que los desarrolladores intentan enlazar comandos al estilo de las funciones matem\u00e1ticas. Se basa en la l\u00f3gica matem\u00e1tica del c\u00e1lculo Lambda y utiliza una abstracci\u00f3n funcional en la que cada funci\u00f3n no debe tener efectos secundarios.<\/span><\/p>\n

Una funci\u00f3n es un fragmento de c\u00f3digo que contiene l\u00edneas de c\u00f3digo adjunto que pueden ejecutarse repetidamente. Esto permite a los programadores dividir los requisitos en fragmentos m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os que realizan acciones espec\u00edficas. B\u00e1sicamente, las funciones se codifican para tomar una entrada y producir una salida sin utilizar ning\u00fan c\u00f3digo externo. Se trata de un estilo de codificaci\u00f3n de tipo declarativo, centrado principalmente en \"qu\u00e9 resolver\", frente a un estilo imperativo, en el que la atenci\u00f3n se centra en \"c\u00f3mo resolver\", utilizando expresiones en lugar de declaraciones.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La programaci\u00f3n funcional es actualmente muy popular, incluso para programadores que no son tradicionalmente programadores funcionales. Muchos programadores aprenden programaci\u00f3n funcional porque ese nivel de extracci\u00f3n puede ayudar a mejorar las habilidades de c\u00f3digo incluso en paradigmas diferentes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lenguajes principales de backend<\/span><\/h2>\n

Los lenguajes de backend se utilizan para codificar las interacciones entre la interfaz de usuario y el almac\u00e9n de datos. Las operaciones del lado del servidor contienen los protocolos de comunicaci\u00f3n y la l\u00f3gica necesaria para ejecutar comandos en la base de datos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Entonces, \u00bfc\u00f3mo se determinan los mejores lenguajes de backend? Utilic\u00e9 los principales lenguajes de la encuesta anual de Stack Overflow (v\u00e9ase el gr\u00e1fico de barras m\u00e1s abajo) y luego tom\u00e9 los primeros de esa lista para determinar el rango. De los 10 primeros, exclu\u00ed HTML\/CSS porque no son lenguajes de backend. Tambi\u00e9n he eliminado TypeScript, ya que es b\u00e1sicamente una extensi\u00f3n de JavaScript con seguridad de tipo a\u00f1adido.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"programming-scripting-markup-languages\"

Los 10 idiomas m\u00e1s hablados seg\u00fan la encuesta anual a desarrolladores de Stack Overflow<\/p><\/div>\n

Ahora que hemos determinado la lista de lenguajes de desarrollo backend, a continuaci\u00f3n se muestra una tabla que resume algunas de sus caracter\u00edsticas clave, ventajas y limitaciones por orden de popularidad.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Idioma<\/b><\/td>\nCaracter\u00edsticas<\/b><\/td>\nVentajas<\/b><\/td>\nLimitaciones<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
JavaScript<\/span><\/td>\nOrientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/td>\nF\u00e1cil de aprender<\/span><\/td>\nSin multihilo ni multiprocesamiento<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLengua interpretada<\/span><\/td>\nSe utiliza tanto para el desarrollo backend como frontend<\/span><\/td>\nSin funci\u00f3n IO para leer o escribir archivos<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLigero<\/span><\/td>\nPlataforma independiente<\/span><\/td>\nSin soporte de red<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SQL<\/span><\/td>\nNo requiere compilaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/td>\nComunidad de usuarios extremadamente amplia<\/span><\/td>\nDatos normalizados para reducir la duplicaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nReglas sint\u00e1cticas sencillas<\/span><\/td>\nLenguaje de consulta normalizado<\/span><\/td>\nInterfaces de usuario dif\u00edciles<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nR\u00e1pido y eficaz<\/span><\/td>\nPlataforma independiente<\/span><\/td>\nCurva de aprendizaje inicial pronunciada<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Python<\/span><\/td>\nOrientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/td>\nIdeal para el desarrollo r\u00e1pido de prototipos<\/span><\/td>\nVelocidades de ejecuci\u00f3n m\u00e1s lentas<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLengua interpretada<\/span><\/td>\nGran compatibilidad con bibliotecas est\u00e1ndar y externas<\/span><\/td>\nD\u00e9bil para la inform\u00e1tica m\u00f3vil<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nMenos verboso<\/span><\/td>\nPlataforma independiente<\/span><\/td>\nUtiliza mucha memoria<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Java\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nOrientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/td>\nCompatible con multihilo<\/span><\/td>\nLa independencia de la plataforma es menos importante para la dependencia de las aplicaciones modernas debido a los contenedores y los servicios en la nube<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nCompilado (javac) e interpretado (JVM)<\/span><\/td>\nLenguaje maduro con amplio apoyo comunitario<\/span><\/td>\nLa mala gesti\u00f3n de la memoria y la JVM afectan al rendimiento. M\u00e1s lento que C, C++ y C#.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLenguaje seguro<\/span><\/td>\nPlataforma independiente<\/span><\/td>\nC\u00f3digo verborreico y complejo<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bash\/Shell<\/span><\/td>\nAcceso r\u00e1pido y eficaz al sistema operativo<\/span><\/td>\nIdeal para automatizar tareas repetitivas<\/span><\/td>\nDif\u00edcil escribir programas complejos en comparaci\u00f3n con los lenguajes modernos<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nInt\u00e9rprete de l\u00ednea de comandos<\/span><\/td>\nIdeal para ejecutar secuencias de comandos en varios idiomas<\/span><\/td>\nSin soporte de programaci\u00f3n orientada a objetos<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLos guiones son f\u00e1ciles de crear<\/span><\/td>\nNo requiere muchos recursos<\/span><\/td>\nDepende de la plataforma (Linux y macOS)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C#<\/span><\/td>\nOrientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/td>\nMultihilo simple<\/span><\/td>\nM\u00e1s lento que C y C++ y requiere compilaci\u00f3n tras cambios en el c\u00f3digo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nTiempos de desarrollo r\u00e1pidos<\/span><\/td>\nAmplia comunidad de desarrolladores<\/span><\/td>\nNo admite programaci\u00f3n de bajo nivel<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nIntegraci\u00f3n con otras tecnolog\u00edas .NET<\/span><\/td>\nM\u00e1s f\u00e1cil de aprender que C y C++<\/span><\/td>\nMayor curva de aprendizaje que otros lenguajes orientados a objetos como Python y PHP.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C++<\/span><\/td>\nOrientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/td>\nLenguaje de bajo nivel<\/span><\/td>\nRelativamente complejo y dif\u00edcil de aprender<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nLenguaje de prop\u00f3sito general muy eficaz<\/span><\/td>\nAmplia comunidad de desarrolladores<\/span><\/td>\nGesti\u00f3n manual de la memoria, sin recogida de basura<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nEjecuci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida y lenguaje potente<\/span><\/td>\nPlataforma independiente<\/span><\/td>\nLa seguridad puede ser un problema debido al uso de punteros<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PHP<\/span><\/td>\nOrientaci\u00f3n a objetos<\/span><\/td>\nBaja curva de aprendizaje<\/span><\/td>\nRendimiento relativamente bajo<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nConexi\u00f3n a base de datos integrada<\/span><\/td>\nFuerte apoyo bibliotecario<\/span><\/td>\nNo sirve para aplicaciones empresariales<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nMenos verboso<\/span><\/td>\nPlataforma independiente<\/span><\/td>\nCuestiones de seguridad<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

El debate sobre las mejores lenguas continuar\u00e1<\/span><\/h2>\n

Hay muchos lenguajes de programaci\u00f3n en el mercado, y la mayor\u00eda de los desarrolladores conocen varios. Tambi\u00e9n hay muchos m\u00e1s desarrolladores de aplicaciones profesionales y ocasionales. Debido a este creciente inter\u00e9s por la programaci\u00f3n, las discusiones sobre los mejores lenguajes y cu\u00e1les son mejores para situaciones espec\u00edficas continuar\u00e1n. Este blog identifica los principales lenguajes de backend bas\u00e1ndose principalmente en su popularidad y ofrece una comparaci\u00f3n resumida.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As\u00ed que, ahora que he realizado una comparativa de lenguajes de backend, te toca a ti decidir cu\u00e1l es el mejor para tu situaci\u00f3n y necesidad de lenguaje de backend.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Computer programming is becoming an increasingly necessary and popular skill. Many high school and college graduates are exposed to programming even if they are not in a computer science field. This rise in exposure has led to new programmer archetypes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":70772,"featured_media":13924,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10127,1818,9327,9408,9139,1812],"tags":[1543],"ppma_author":[9208],"class_list":["post-13919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-c-sharp","category-java","category-javascript","category-php","category-python","category-n1ql-query","tag-javascript"],"yoast_head":"\nLanguages for Backend Development: Comparison of Top 8<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the top languages for backend development, along with a comparison of high-level information about features, advantages, and limitations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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